{"id":83612,"date":"2023-09-07T17:43:25","date_gmt":"2023-09-07T09:43:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/shearwaterasia.com\/fpa-glossary"},"modified":"2025-02-27T21:32:42","modified_gmt":"2025-02-27T13:32:42","slug":"fpa-glossary","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/shearwaterasia.com\/my\/fpa-glossary","title":{"rendered":"FP&A Glossary"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Glossary<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Explore our comprehensive glossary to simplifies complex terms and jargon from various fields and industries. Our glossary is a valuable resource to decode and understand specialised terminology.<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGET A FREE CONSULTATION<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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FP&A Glossary<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Explore this glossary to access FP&A definitions and enhance your understanding.<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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A<\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAccounts Payable (AP)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Accounts payable (AP) is a company\u2019s obligation to pay off its short-term debt to creditors.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAccounts Receivable (AR)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Accounts receivable (AR) is money owed to a company from sales that have been made but not yet paid for.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAccounts Receivable Turnover<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Accounts receivable turnover is a metric that measures how efficiently a company is using its assets by looking at how many times per year a business will collect its average value of accounts receivable.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tActive Planning<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Active planning is a dynamic and proactive budgeting process that is collaborative, comprehensive, and continuous. An active planning process provides greater visibility into business performance, builds confidence in the numbers, enables data-driven decisions, and increases buy-in and accountability throughout an organization. Active planning requires planning software that is easy, powerful, and fast. Without all three factors, you\u2019ll need to settle for a static plan that is perhaps outdated, inaccurate, or lacks buy-in from others.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tActivity-Based Budgeting (ABB)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Activity-based budgeting is a method of budgeting that determines which activities incur costs and the relationship between them, and how much of the total budget should be attributed or allocated to each activity.<\/p><\/div><\/div>

\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tActivity-Based Planning (ABP)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Activity-based planning is a business planning strategy that identifies the type and amount of activity needed to efficiently produce a desirable level of goods and services.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tActuals<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Actuals refers to actual numbers experienced through some point in time, as opposed to numbers that are budgeted or projected into the future (for example, year-to-date sales, expenses, units shipped, and so on).<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAllocated Costs<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Allocated costs are expenses that usually come from overhead that must be shared across multiple cost centers or departments. The company determines its own method to allocate or assign portions of those costs to each cost center and\/or account that will need to absorb those expenses. Examples of allocated costs might include utility expenses, facilities costs, and IT services.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAllocations<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Allocations are the distribution of revenue or expenses across various departments, divisions, regions and so on.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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B<\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBalance Sheet<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

A balance sheet is a statement that summarizes all of an entity\u2019s assets, liabilities, and capital at a given point in time. It\u2019s one of the three main financial statements, along with the cash flow statement and income statement.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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Benchmarking is comparing the financial metrics and ratios of an organisation to a similar set of industry peers.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBusiness Intelligence<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Business intelligence is a set of concepts, methods, and tools that enable efficient discovery and analysis of data with the goal of making more effective and insightful business decisions.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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C<\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCapital Budget<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

A capital budget is an organisation\u2019s expected capital expenditures for a given time period.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCapital Expenditures (CAPEX)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Capital expenditures is the amount of money used to acquire, maintain, or improve fixed assets or other assets that provide long-term value, such as land, buildings, and equipment. The company will spread the recognition of those costs over the useful lifetime of the new or improved assets through amortisation or depreciation. Different asset classes have specific rules about determining their useful life and classification, following GAAP standards.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCapitalisation<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Capitalisation is the sum of an organisation\u2019s stock value, long-term debt, and retained earnings. Capitalisation is also the process of expensing the cost of an asset over the life of that asset, instead of when the expense was paid for.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCash Budget<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Cash budget is a summary of an organisation\u2019s budgeted cash inflows and outflows during a specific time period as well as its anticipated cash and loan balances.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCash Flow Forecast<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

A cash flow forecast is a process for predicting an organisation\u2019s cash inflows and outflows for a future period.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCash Flow Statement<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

A cash flow statement provides a summary of the cash generated or used by a company in a given period of time. It\u2019s one of the three main financial statements, along with the balance sheet and income statement.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tConsolidation<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Consolidation is the aggregation of financial statements from separate companies of a group as if they were a single entity. This is most commonly associated with the financial close process of a company.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCorporate Performance Management (CPM)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Corporate performance management (CPM) is a category of finance and analytics software that tracks and measures the financial and operational key performance indicators of an organization. One benefit of CPM software is its ability to streamline all aspects of financial data analysis, budgeting, forecasting, building dashboards, and making more informed decisions. CPM is also known as enterprise performance management (EPM) and business performance management (BPM).<\/p><\/div><\/div>

\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCost Allocation<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Cost allocation is the assignment of a shared cost to several cost centers. For example, a company might allocate or assign the cost of an expensive computer system to the three different departments in the company that use the system.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCost of Capital<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Cost of capital is the rate of return that investors could have earned by investing the same funds in a different investment with an equal level of risk. It is a measurement of the opportunity cost of an investment.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCosts of Goods Sold (COGS)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Costs of goods sold (COGS) is the total cost that an organisation incurs to produce and sell a product or service to a customer for a given time period. For example, the COGS of an item would include the cost of selling an item such as a salesperson\u2019s commission, not just the cost of acquiring raw materials and manufacturing.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCustomer Relationship Management (CRM)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Customer relationship management (CRM) is the collection and analysis of customer information intended for sale, marketing, and customer service, which helps companies to understand and support existing and potential customer needs. A CRM system is software that manages, tracks, and stores interactions with customers and their account histories in one centralised location.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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d<\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDriver-Based Planning<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Driver-based planning is a method of planning where financial performance is forecast based on variables and formulas within models that influence and have a significant impact on an organisation\u2019s key financial results.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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E<\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEnterprise Resource Planning (ERP)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Enterprise resource planning is a category of business software that typically integrates the core functions of accounting, human resources, and manufacturing to centralize information across an organization and improve efficiency. Many ERP vendors offer additional areas of support to additional departments beyond those core functions (such as logistics, CRM, and reporting) but often do not match the capabilities or sophistication of purpose-built (also known as best-of-breed) software applications.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEvent Risk<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Event risk is the possibility that an unexpected event, like a natural disaster or large outside investment action (such as a takeover), will hurt a company\u2019s ability to meet its financial obligations.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tExpected Value<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Expected value is the value of a project or investment that is estimated by adding up different sums of possible outcomes multiplied by the probability of each outcome. It is a common method for incorporating risk measurements into the estimated returns for an investment.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tExpenses<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Expenses are the cost an organisation incurs as a result of doing business. There are various buckets of expenses including: fixed and variable, direct and indirect, and operating and non-operating expenses.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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F<\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFinancial Close<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Enterprise resource planning is a category of business software that typically integrates the core functions of accounting, human resources, and manufacturing to centralise information across an organisation and improve efficiency. Many ERP vendors offer additional areas of support to additional departments beyond those core functions (such as logistics, CRM, and reporting) but often do not match the capabilities or sophistication of purpose-built (also known as best-of-breed) software applications.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFinancial Plan<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

A financial plan is a financial model that describes and predicts an organization\u2019s current and future financial state by using known variables and assumptions to predict future asset values and cash flows.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFinancial Planning & Analysis (FP&A)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Financial planning and analysis (FP&A) is the umbrella term for the planning, forecasting, budgeting, and analytical activities that support an organisation’s financial and strategic health.<\/p><\/div><\/div>

\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFinancial Reporting<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Financial reporting is the process of presenting information about an entity\u2019s financial position, operating performance, and cash flow for a specified period. In the case of public companies, this can involve the creation and disclosure of regulatory documents such as the 10-K (annual report) and 10-Q (quarterly report).<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFiscal Year (FY)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

A fiscal year (FY) is a 12-month period used for accounting purposes and in preparation of financial statements. The fiscal year is determined by the organization and may or may not be the same as a calendar year. The IRS (Internal Revenue Service) gives organizations the option to pay their taxes based on either the calendar year or their fiscal year.<\/p><\/div><\/div>

\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFixed Asset<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

A fixed asset is a long-lived asset or property that is used in the production of goods or services and cannot easily be converted into cash (illiquid). A fixed asset may be land, buildings, equipment, or machinery. There are other types of fixed assets that are not directly tangible such as patents, trademarks, and brand value.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFixed Cost<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

A fixed cost is a cost that does not change no matter the increase or decrease in the amount of goods or services produced and\/or sold. This is the opposite of a Variable Cost.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tForecasting<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Forecasting is a process used to project future revenue and costs based on past, present, and estimated changes in financial data and conditions. Forecasting is a core process of FP&A, where companies regularly try to estimate the future financial situation of their organization to inform decisions about the accumulation and allocation of capital.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFree Cash Flow<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Free cash flow is used to measure a company\u2019s financial performance by looking at how much cash it is generating. It can be calculated by subtracting capital expenditures from operating cash flow. Free cash flow is a tremendously useful measure for understanding the true profitability of a business. It is harder to manipulate and it can tell a much better story of a company than more commonly used metrics such as net income.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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G<\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGeneral Ledger (GL)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

The general ledger (GL) is an accounting record used to track and summarise all financial transactions within an organisation. Increasingly, general ledgers are moving to cloud-based software so that users can access the information at any time and more easily integrate with other transactional systems.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGross Profit<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Gross profit is the profit a company earns after the direct (variable) costs associated with manufacturing, distribution, and sale of the product are deducted. It is calculated by subtracting the cost of goods sold (COGS) from the company\u2019s total revenue and does not take into account indirect costs such as taxes, interest on debt, or other overhead expenses.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGross Profit Margin<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Gross profit margin (aka Gross Margin) is the ratio of gross profit to revenue. It is a measure of the potential profitability of an item by looking at how much additional profit is earned with each additional dollar of revenue earned.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGross Sales<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Gross sales are the total amount of revenue generated by all sales activity in an organisation.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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H<\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHuman Capital Management (HCM)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Human capital management (HCM) is a philosophy that views employees as assets and seeks to acquire, train, manage, and retain those assets in such a way that they can provide future benefits and efficiencies to the organisation. HCM software is available to automate or enhance HR functions such as payroll, training, talent management, and succession planning.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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I<\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIntangible Assets<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Human capital management (HCM) is a philosophy that views employees as assets and seeks to acquire, train, manage, and retain those assets in such a way that they can provide future benefits and efficiencies to the organisation. HCM software is available to automate or enhance HR functions such as payroll, training, talent management, and succession planning.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tInternal Rate of Return (IRR)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Internal rate of return (IRR) is a measure to determine the estimated return of an investment compared to an organisation\u2019s cost of capital. It states the interest rate an investment would need to have to break even with the present value of all projected cash flows for a project. If the IRR is positive, the project exceeds the risk-adjusted cost of capital. If it is negative, it doesn\u2019t reach the risk-adjusted cost of capital (and you\u2019d usually be better off making a different investment).<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tInvesting<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Investing is the act of using funds as efficiently as possible with the goal of achieving maximum returns.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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K<\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKey Performance Indicator (KPI)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

A key performance indicator (KPI) is a metric used to measure factors that are pivotal to the success of an organisation. KPIs for every business may be different, but they will be the most important metrics that indicate the performance and health of an organisation. Often these KPIs are collected together in the form of a dashboard that is distributed to key stakeholders, using data visualization software. KPIs are normally tracked over time to observe trends and compare with an organisation\u2019s plan for expected performance.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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L<\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLeading Indicator<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

A leading indicator is an activity or event that, when measured, is a good indication or signal of future (usually economic) activity. For example, the value of stocks in the stock market is often seen as a leading indicator because stock share prices are based on the estimated future earnings of a company. A rising stock price is a leading indicator of expected future growth for that firm.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLong-Term Liabilities<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Long-term liabilities are the financial obligations (usually debts) of a company that will not be paid within one year.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLong-Term Assets<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Long-term assets are assets that cannot be converted into cash within one year of the balance sheet date. Examples of long-term assets are multi-year leases on property, real estate holdings, long-term securities, and factory equipment.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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M<\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tModeling<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Modeling is the process of simulating the effect of specific variables on a financial outcome to improve financial decisions. This is a critical part of driver-based forecasting, where the core elements of a business process are used to model and estimate the future performance of that business function.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tModified Cash Basis Accounting<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Modified cash basis accounting is a hybrid accounting methodology that combines elements of both accrual-based and cash-based accounting. The cash basis is used to record short-term items when cash changes hands. Long-term balance sheet items such as long-term debt and fixed assets are recorded using the accrual basis, with depreciation and amortisation accrued over time.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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N<\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNet Income<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Net income is an organisation\u2019s income minus the total costs of doing business (direct, indirect, capital, financing, and depreciation), expenses, and taxes. This is how much the company has earned after taking into account all aspects of the organization, both operational and non-operational.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNet Income Before Tax (PBT)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Net income before tax (aka profit before taxes or PBT) is a company\u2019s profits before having to pay corporate income tax. It can be calculated two ways. The first is to sum all revenues from every source and subtract all expenses except for taxes. The second is to take net income and add in the corporate income tax paid.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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O<\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOperating Expenditures (OPEX)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Operating expenditures are the ongoing costs of doing business, such as salaries, utilities, commissions, employee benefits, and inventory. These are expenses where the full value of the expense is recognized at the time the expense is incurred. This is different from CAPEX, where the value of the expense is capitalized and depreciated or amortized over the useful life of the good or service acquired.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOperating Profit Margin<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Operating profit margin (aka return on sales) is the amount of revenue remaining once all variable costs of production, distribution, and sales are paid. Operating profit margin can be used to measure how efficiently a company operates by looking at how much profit each dollar in sales generates. To calculate the operating profit margin, divide the operating profit by the total amount of net sales for a given period.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOverhead Costs<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Overhead costs are the indirect costs and all other fixed expenses related to the cost of doing business that cannot be traced directly to the manufacture of a product or delivery of a service. Typically, overhead costs are allocated to a project, product line, department, or business unit.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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P<\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPeriod<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Period is a specified duration of time covered by a financial statement or report\u2014typically a month or quarter for internal statements and reporting, and a year for external statements. The period in a financial statement will usually be in terms of the fiscal year of an organization (rather than a calendar year).<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPeriod Costs<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Period costs are any costs that cannot be attributed to a particular product or inventory. A period cost is charged to an expense account during the period it was incurred and is typically included within the selling, general, and administrative (SG&A) expenses section of the income statement.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPresent Value (PV)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Present value (PV) is the current worth of a future sum of money or stream of cash flows that are discounted by an expected rate of return (usually the cost of capital). The higher the discount rate, the lower the present value of the future cash flows.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tProfit and Loss Statement (P&L)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

A profit and loss statement (P&L) is a financial statement that summarizes financial performance by showing revenue, costs, and expenses incurred during a specified period of time. Also known as the income statement, the P&L statement is one of the three primary financial statements that public companies must issue to shareholders and regulatory agencies.<\/p>

In business, a P&L sometimes means someone has operational and financial responsibility for a department, product line, or other area of the business that has a responsibility to generate revenue for the company.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tProfit Center<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

A profit center is a department, area, division, or group within a business that is responsible for generating profits from its own operations. It is measured as if it were its own business within the company and measures its revenues, expenses, and profit separately. The leader of a profit center normally has budgetary control and discretion to do what is necessary within the profit center to deliver profits to the company.<\/p><\/div><\/div>

\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tProfitability Analysis<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Profitability analysis can be divided into two types of reporting that focuses on how effectively a project, product, or company generates profit. Internally, profitability analysis will look at the underlying segments or factors that are the primary drivers of profitability. For example, you may do profitability analysis to determine which type of customer is the most profitable to your company. Externally, profitability analysis uses various ratio measurements comparing a firm\u2019s profits to its revenues, assets, and level of investment. This allows you to determine how efficiently a company generates profits compared to others or its opportunity costs.<\/p><\/div><\/div>

\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tProfitability Ratios<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Profitability ratios are a set of ratios used to measure how effectively a company can generate revenue against expenses, financing, and other relevant costs. The most common profitability ratios are:<\/p>